Conflict in the Middle East: An In-Depth Review

The conflict in the Middle East is a complex and layered issue, involving long history, politics and social dynamics. In this review, we will explore some of the key factors that fuel conflict, the role of foreign powers, and their impact on regional and global stability. One of the main causes of conflict in the Middle East is colonial history which has resulted in the creation of artificial states, which often do not reflect the various ethnic and religious groups that exist. For example, territorial divisions after World War I created controversial boundaries, as seen in Iraq and Syria. Dissatisfaction with these restrictions often leads to tensions and armed conflict among minority groups. Another significant factor is the sectarian divide between Sunnis and Shiites. These tensions are not only rooted in history, but are also exacerbated by the intervention of foreign countries and military support for certain factions. For example, Iran’s support for Shia groups in Iraq and Syria, as well as Saudi Arabia’s support for Sunni groups, have created increasingly deep tensions. Foreign intervention also plays an important role in triggering conflict. Large countries such as the United States, Russia, and European countries are often involved in Middle East politics to protect strategic interests and resources, especially oil. Military interventions, such as the US invasion of Iraq in 2003, not only changed the political map of the region but also resulted in lasting consequences, such as the emergence of extremist groups, including ISIS. The humanitarian crisis is a side effect of prolonged conflict. Millions of refugees have been forced to flee their homes, with neighboring countries such as Türkiye and Lebanon hosting millions of refugees. Living conditions in refugee camps are often dire, with limited access to basic services such as health and education. In the long term, the conflict in the Middle East has broad global implications. Existing tensions often impact global energy markets and world economic stability. In addition, conflict has also become a means for radical groups to recruit new members, which poses a security threat not only in the region but also in Western countries. In dealing with this complex situation, international mediation efforts often reach a dead end. Peace agreements that have been reached are often threatened by violations and distrust between the parties. Therefore, a new, more inclusive and sustainable approach is needed to resolve existing conflicts. The influence of social media and communication technology cannot be ignored either. These platforms have enabled the spread of extremist propaganda and ideology, while also giving voice to marginalized communities. Understanding these influences is key to formulating efficient strategies to mitigate conflict. Overall, the conflict in the Middle East cannot be viewed as a one-dimensional problem, but rather a complex puzzle, requiring a multilateral approach and a deep understanding of local and regional dynamics. Facing this challenge, strong cooperation between major countries, international organizations and civil society is needed to create sustainable and peaceful solutions.